Family Planning Research Paper Essays

Family Planning Research Paper Essays Family Planning Research Paper Essay Family Planning Research Paper Essay Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges Naga Campus FAMILY PLANNING PRACTICES OF COUPLES In Barangay Sto. Tomas, Camaligan Camarines Sur In partial fulfillment of the requirement in SOC. SCI 10, Society of Culture with Family Planning, HIV/AIDS Submitted by: Mayores, Dennis B. Olarve, Raymund Salveo L. Pacamarra, Hazel E. BSEd 3 – Physics Submitted to: Dr. Geronima Camano-Valenciano Professor October 4, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page Table of Contents CHAPTER I: Introduction CHAPTER II: Research Methodology CHAPTER III: Presentation of Findings, Analysis and Discussion CHAPTER IV: Summary of Conclusion and Recommendation BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDICES Appendix A: Sample Questionnaire Appendix B: Letter of Permission to conduct survey Appendix C: List of Respondents Appendix D: Barangay Official of Sto. Tomas Appendix E: Documentation Appendix F: Curriculum Vitae CHAPTER III Presentation of Findings, Analysis and Discussion This chapter presents the overview of the results that was gathered from 40 respondents of Husband and Wife of their Family Planning Practices in Barangay Sto. Tomas, Camaligan Camarines Sur. Table 1: Educational Attainment of Respondents The table presents the Highest Educational attainment of Couples. 22. 5% said they reached Elementary level only, 40% said they reached High School, 35% said they reached the College Level and 2. 5% said they reached Vocational Course. Table 2: Married and Unmarried Couple The table presents the ratio of married and unmarried couple when they start living together. 36 respondents out of 40 said that they are married or 18 couples said they are married already while 4 respondents out of 40 or 2 couples are not married yet since they started living together. Table 3: Family Planning of Couples : The table presents the data gathered from three questions that answer if the Couple planned the no. of children to have, if the Couple talk about methods of Family Planning and if they consulted the Health Center for information about Family Planning. The result state that 40 respondents or 100% planned the no. of children they are going to have. The Couple that talked about Family Planning and consulted the Health Center is 75% while 25% answered no. Table 4: Use of Methods or Contraceptives between Couples The table presents the Methods or Contraceptives used of Couples. 17. % used Female Sterilization to stop bearing a child for mother, 2. 5% used Male Sterilization to stop giving birth to a child for Father, 12. 5% used Injection to avoid having a baby for few months, 12. 5% use male condom that is use before sexual intercourse, 2. 5% used the method of Rhythm Calendar that calculate what day in a month does a female is impossible to be pregnant, 2. 5% used traditional method tha t use herbal medicine, 5% used the Natural method and 32. 5% don’t or never used a method or contraceptive for Family Planning. Table 5: Medium that gives information for Family Planning The table shows the medium where couples see, hear, or read something that gives information about Family Planning. 33 respondents said they heard some from Radio, 38 respondents said they watched some from television, 18 respondents said they read it from newspapers, 9 respondents said they read it from Magazine, 7 respondents said they read some from Posters, and 6 respondents said they saw some from billboards. Table 6: Services or Information given from different Mediums. The table shows the information or services given by different medium (radio, television, newspaper, magazine, poster, and billboard). 6 respondents said the information was about Family Planning, 20 respondents said it was about the use of contraceptives or methods while 11 respondents said it was about vaccination. Table 7: Family Planning Effect The Table shows if Population growth can be controlled by the use of Family Planning between Couples and if abortion is a typr of Family Planning Method. 40 responden ts or 100% said that Family Planning can really help the control of Population growth and also 40 respondents or 100% said that abortion is not part of Family Planning Method. CHAPTER IV Summary of Conclusion and Recommendation CONCLUSION 1. Most of the couples finished college level before they started living as a couple but there are also couple that only reached the elementary level and decided to live with their partners. Studying is irrelevant for their parents don’t encourage them to pursue studies because of financial problem. That’s why they don’t know how can they took care of their children and how to plan a family because of lack of knowledge. In addition, they don’t have a high salary and can’t find a proper job. 2. Most of the couples started living together as married because they want it to be sure that they would be living together legally while only some are unmarried because they are quite young for their age. That explains how marriage is given importance before, but now, even if the girls got pregnant they are not still planning of getting married. 3. Couples normally planned on how many children are they going to have but this is usually not followed because of sexual desire of a person. Because not all are willing for family planning to be involved in their living as a couple. 4. Family Planning on later years was not yet organized that’s why old couples now are not aware and don’t even care to use methods or contraceptives regarding Family Planning. But some of them are willing to use these methods to control the population growth. 5. Information about family planning is not only given in the health center, because now there are many medium that shows the importance of family planning. It also leads to the discouragement of couples to consult to the health center because they can already find information they need in the radio, TV, newspapers, magazine, posters and even billboards. . Advertisements seen on TV or heard on radio and any other medium were more about Family Planning. Only few were about the use of contraceptives and Vaccination. It is because the Nation’s problem is population growth and advertisements can really help the citizen to get knowledge about proper family planning. 7. They all agreed that family planning is the be st way to success of each family. Because they can give their needs and wants of their children. But abortion is not an example of Family Planning because it is against the law of God. RECOMMENDATION Every person cannot control their sexual desire for their partners that’s why Family Planning method and use of contraceptives are imposed. But another reason for this is the lack of knowledge of the people or illiteracy. The government needs to put more focus on the education of citizens so that they would be taught of proper managing their lives as well as when to have a family and how to plan it. The government can give free seminar to those newly married couples and give information about the importance of Family Planning. Another thing to give prioritize are the citizens that live on rural areas where more uneducated and unemployed people are present. Because of this population explosion exists, that’s why more project about Family Planning for this place must be necessary. People are also conservative on the use of these methods and contraceptives, that’s why proper advertisements and information seen on TV or on any other medium must be made clear and simple so people won’t get the wrong interpretation about these things. Family Planning must be given emphasized and importance especially to couples for them to have the appropriate knowledge and how to use the methods involved in this and how to plan the number of children they can have. BIBLIOGRAPHY A. Books Omas-as, Roberta L. , et. al. , General Sociology:Family Planning Methods:Trinitas Publishing Inc. 2003. The New Websters International Encyclopedia. 2000 Srauss, James J. , The Media And Family Planning. Worth Publishers. Inc B. Unpublished Thesis Ross, Maricor G. , et. al. , â€Å"Socio Economic Profile of barangay San Felipe†. Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges, Naga City. October 2009. C. Internet aresearchguide. com/12biblio. html#4 jhuccp. org/research/download/tagalog. pdf D. Other Source LGU, Sto. Tomas, Barangay Sto. Tomas, Camaligan Camarines Sur Appendix A Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges Naga Campus Pangalan: ________________________________ Edad:______ father mother Trabaho:_________________________________ Bilang ng anak:________ Lugar: Barangay Sto. Tomas, Camaligan, Camarines Sur QUESTIONNAIRE about FAMILY PLANNING PRACTICES OF COUPLES Personal Data . Ano ang pinakamataas na antas sa pag-aaral ang naabot ninyo? ____________________________ 2. Ano po ang relihiyon ninyo? ____________________________ 3. Ilan po ba ang buwanang kinikita niyo para sa inyong pamilya? ____________________________ 4. Kayo po ba ay kasal na nang kayo ay magkaanak? ( )Oo( )Hindi 5. Kung Oo ilang taon na kayong kasal noon? ____________________________ 6. Ilang taon napo ba kayong nagsasama ngayon? __________________ __________ Awareness of Family Planning 1. Napagplanuhan po ba ninyo kung ilan ang magiging anak niyo? ( )Oo ( )Hindi 2. Napag-usapan ba ninyo ng inyong asawa ang tungkol sa mga pamamaraan at pagsasagawa ng pagpaplano ng pamilya? ( )Oo ( )Hindi 3. Kumunsulta na po ba kayo sa isang Health Center upang magkaroon ng impormasyon sa Family Planning? ( )Oo ( )Hindi 4. Gumamit po ba kayo ng mga method o contraceptives upang maiwasan ang pagkakaroon ng anak? ( )FEMALE STERILIZATION/TUBAL LIGATION: Ang mga babae ay maaaring mag-paopera/ magpatali para hindi na manganak ( )MALE STERILIZATION/VASECTOMY: ANG MGA LALAKI AY MAAARING MAG-PAOPERA PARA HINDI NA MAKAPAG-BIGAY NG ANAK ( )INJECTION/DMPA: ANG MGA BABAE AY MAAARING INIKSYONAN NG ISANG DOKTOR O NARS PARA HINDI MABUNTIS SA LOOB NG ILANG BUWAN ( )ORAL PILL: ANG MGA BABAE AY MAAARING UMINOM NG PILL ARAW-ARAW ( )MALE CONDOM: ANG MGA LALAKI AY MAAARING GUMAMIT NG KONDOM SA PAGTATALIK ( )FULL BREASTFEEDING OR LACTATIONAL AMENORRHEA (LAM) MAKAKAIWAS ANG MGA BABAE SA PAGBUBUNTIS HABANG NAGPAPASUSO NANG LUBOS ( )RHYTHM CALENDAR OR CALCULATION: SA PAMAMAGITAN NG KALKULASYON, RHYTHM, O CALENDARYO, ANG MAG-ASAWA AY IIWAS SA PAGTATALIK NG MGA ILANG ARAW SA ISANG BUWAN KUNG KAILAN ANG BABAE AY MAY MAS MALAKING POSIBILIDAD NA MABUNTIS ( )WITHDRAWAL: PAG-IINGAT NG LALAKI NA SA LABAS PALABASIN ANG PUNLAY ( )FEMALE CONDOM: ANG MGA BABAE AY MAAARING MAGLAGAY NG KONDOM SA LOOB BAGO MAKIPAGTALIK ( )DIAPHRAGM, FOAM, JELLY: ANG MGA BABAE AY MAAARING MAGLAGAY NG SPONGE, DIAPHRAGM, JELLY O CREAM SA LOOB BAGO MAKIPAGTALIK ( )TRADITIONAL METHODS: PAGGAMIT NG MGA HALAMANG GAMOT, SINTURON SA BAYWANG, ATBP. PARAAN ( )NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING ( )HINDI GUMAGAMIT 5. Nakakita/nakarinig/ nakabasa ba kayo ng patalastas/commercial o iba pang uri ng pagbibigay-alam tungkol sa FAMILY PLANNING sa ( )Radyo( )TV( )Dyaryo( )Magasin( )Poster( )Billboard 6. Kapag nakikita o naririnig mo ito, ano sa palagay ninyo ang klase ng serbisyong pangkalusugan o â€Å"health services† ang tinutukoy dito? ( ) Family Planning( )Contraceptive Method( )Vaccination 7. Naniniwala po ba kayo na ang kaalaman sa Family Planning ay makatutulong sa pagkontrol ng populasyon? ( )Oo ( )Hindi 8. Sa tingin niyo po ba, ang abortion ay isang Family Planning Method? ( )Oo ( )Hindi 9. Sa pangkaraniwan, kayo po ba ay sumasang-ayon o hindi sumasang-ayon sa paggamit/paggawa ng pamamaraan ng pagpaplano ng pamilya upang maiwasan ang pagbubuntis? ( )Oo ( )Hindi Appendix B September 28, 2010 Hon. JASMIN TRINIDAD Barangay Captain Sto. Tomas, Camaligan, Camarines Sur Dear Brgy. Captain Trinidad, Good Day! The undersigned students taking Bachelor of Science and Education are conducting a research on the â€Å"Family Planning Practices of Couples. † We selected your barangay as the best source of information about the matter. In this regard, may we ask permission to conduct interview to respondents of this Barangay that would greatly help us for our research. Thank you and more power. Very truly yours, The Third Year Students DENNIS B. MAYORES RAYMUND SALVEO L. OLARVEHAZEL E. PACAMARRA Noted: DR. GERONIMA CAMANO-VALENCIANO CSPC-Naga Campus, Professor Appendix C List of Respondents/ Couples Father Mother Antonino GonzalesMyrna Gonzales Arthur EspirituLorena Espiritu Benjamin GarciaAmalia Garcia Randy AyenMaricris Gonzales Rufino Sta. AnaErmina Sta. Ana Rufino Sta. Ana Sr. Asuncion Sta. Ana Noel AdversarioRose Adversario Rolando AliparMa. Gemma Alipar Romi CorpusMaria Flor Corpus Monico AlipanteRosa Alipante Rogelio RubioElizabeth Rubio Edgar RosarioCristina Rosario Joel AlbanielEvelyn Albaniel Emmanuel Del RosarioImelda Del Rosario Raul IsidroRuth Isidro Ronnie ReyesLinda Reyes Vicente ArroyoGermina Arroyo Conrado TrinidadLeticia Trinidad Domingo VillanuevaVictoria Villanueva Andres CelesteNelia Celeste Appendix D Barangay Officials of Sto. Tomas Barangay Captain Hon. Ma. Jasmin M. Trinidad Barangay Councilors Emnanuel A. Galias Ducenia A. Tolosa Maximo C. Corpus Jr. Manuel Javier H. Aurellano Nilo A. Almen Emmanel R. Abias Jovenial J. Flores SK Chairman Ma. Salone SC. Rubio Appendix E DOCUMENTATION THE RESEARCHERS, RESPONDENTS AND THE BARANGAY Appendix F Curriculum Vitae DENNIS B. MAYORES #25 Zone3, Brgy. Del Pilar, San Fernando Camarines Sur Mobile no: 09077436598 Email Address: [emailprotected] com PERSONAL INFORMATION Age: 18Date of Birth: March 5, 1992 Sex: MalePlace of Birth: San Fernando Civil Status: SingleFather’s Name: Melecio F. Mayores Nationality: FilipinoMother’s Name: Leonida B. Mayores EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND College:Bachelor of Secondary Education Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges Penafrancia Ave. , Naga City 2008 – Present Highschool:San Fernando National High School Buenavista, San Fernando Camarines Sur 2004 – 2008 ElementarySan Fernando Central School Rizal, San Fernando Camarines Sur 1998 2004 RAYMUND SALVEO L. OLARVE 506 1ST st. Progress Homes Subd. Canaman Camarines Sur Mobile no: 09109696222 Email Address: [emailprotected] com PERSONAL INFORMATION Age: 17Date of Birth: June 2, 1993 Sex: MalePlace of Birth: Canaman Civil Status: SingleFather’s Name: Salveo S. Olarve Nationality: FilipinoMother’s Name: Nanette L. Olarve EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND College:Bachelor of Secondary Education Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges Penafrancia Ave. , Naga City 2008 – Present Highschool:Camarines Sur National High School Penafrancia Ave. , Naga City 2004 – 2008 ElementaryTacolod Elementary School Annex Progress Homes Subd. , Canaman Camarines Sur 1998 2004 HAZEL E. PACAMARRA #015 San Jose, Camaligan Camarines Sur Mobile no: 09165235145 Email Address: [emailprotected] com PERSONAL INFORMATION Age: 18Date of Birth: May 30, 1992 Sex: FemalePlace of Birth: Goa, Camarines Sur Civil Status: SingleFather’s Name: Rannel V. Pacamarra Nationality: FilipinoMother’s Name: Mariam E. Pacamarra EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND College:Bachelor of Secondary Education Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges Penafrancia Ave. , Naga City 2008 – Present Highschool:Sto. Tomas National High School Camaligan Camarines Sur 2004 – 2008 ElementaryCamaligan Central School Camaligan Camarines Sur 1998 2004

Discuss how federal policies towards band government (Aboriginal Essay

Discuss how federal policies towards band government (Aboriginal Band's) have changed over time, especially during the 20th c - Essay Example Apparently, it is evident that the development of the Indian status has sidelined the recognition of communities that were historically identified as aboriginals from their rightful status. This status may be considered essential to the identification of an individual, however it does not carry the main concerns centred along the governance if the aboriginal bands. Evaluation There exists an overwhelming list of aboriginals in the records of Canada. The subsequent treatment accorded to these individuals formulates the centre of attention that accords its evaluation. However, the first concern that calls for address is the interference if the federal government tone the running of the policies adopted by the aboriginals developed programs. Such programs are developed at the central governance level. The general contribution imposed by this perception is that the central government constantly fails to allocate sufficient funds that are necessitated in the realization of policies adopte d towards the favour of the aboriginals and other ancient groups. An evaluation on the performance of the aboriginal programs initiated at the lower governance levels seems to be fully out of existence. This includes policies that seek to ensure political, social and economical stability of these individuals in the nation. Evaluations of the policies that can be identified at the regional government level are identified at the commencement of the late phase of the 20th century. This century had witnessed the developed of the Indiana act that sought to identify and address the challenges experiences by the members of various aboriginal bands in the nation. Apparently, there exists a differing perception on the contribution of the governing authority towards the realization of these policies. The chief question is centred on the exact input that should be pegged to the execution of the authorities, especially the central government. Initially, the central government was tasked with th e role of ensuring that the regional governance access funds to support various aboriginal programs. Unfortunately, hiccups in logistics and delivery of services marred the whole process. Apparently, the bureaucracies of accessing the funds designated for the funding of aboriginal programs had proved to a rather cumbersome effort. This implied that there desired a need to establish a new set of instruction upon which the realization of the aboriginal programs can be ascertained. This may be described as the fuelling factor that has promoted the development and the subsequent adoption of various legislation that seek strengthen the Indiana Act. Several new assumptions have been enlisted into the act. The central concern has been the diversity of the act in terms of covering the stretching needs of the aboriginal community. The central challenges that were first addressed by the evaluation team include the quantification of the groups that fall under this category. Apparently, some co mmunities shared the perception that their constitutional and national privileges were challenged upon the failure of their inclusion in the list of the recognized members of the aboriginal community. The intense efforts of enlisting all the communities that are interlinked under the aboriginal recognition bracket has been placed in consideration all along. The previous century has witnessed increased

Analysis of The History of NASA Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Analysis of The History of NASA - Research Paper Example This paper reviews the history of NASA: NASA’S formation, goals and objectives, greatest achievements in history, and also its administration. At the end of the paper, it is argued that NASA has indeed lived up to its mission and objectives and that it has been very successful in achieving its goals and objectives. Formation of NASA The formation of NASA as a fully-fledged government agency dedicated to the exploration of the outer space was sparked off by the historic launch of the satellite Sputnik 1 by Russia in October 1957 (Galloway, 2008). The launch of the Sputnik 1 Satellite by Russia was a monumental success for Russia in space science, and this action made Russia the leading country in space science explorations. The launch of the Sputnik 1 Satellite by Russia made the US feel insecure, the US government felt that Russia could use its superior knowledge in space science to harm them in one way or another. The US also felt that they had to do everything possible so as to reclaim their position as the world’s premier in space science and aeronautics. For these reasons, the use government set out in November 1957, to establish a government agency fully dedicated to the exploration of outer space. ... But following the Sputnik’s launch by Russia, the establishment of a more effective and robust government agency dealing with outer space exploration became a matter of agency. The US Senate, the Congress and the Executive began a process of establishing a government agency that would deal with matters of outer space explorations (Dick, 2008). On 6th February 1958, the Senate established a special committee on space and Aeronautics with the aim of exploring ways and means of establishing a space agency. The committee was headed by Senator Johnson. On the side of the Congress, a select committee on Aeronautics and space exploration was formed on 5th March 1958, and the committee was headed by John McCormack, McCormack was the house majority leader. On the executive side, President Eisenhower asked his science advisor James Killian to convene science advisory committee to deliberate on the issue of establishing a space agency. The Science advisory committee proposed the establis hment of a civilian committee built around the NACA (Dick, 2008). The committee presented their resolutions to President Eisenhower and the president approved their resolutions on the establishment of a space agency. In their deliberations, both the Senate and the Congress had also resolved that there was indeed an urgent need of establishing a space agency. On 2nd April 1958, President Eisenhower sent draft legislation to the Congress. The draft proposed establishment of a space agency by the name, National Aeronautics and Space Agency. The Congress, however, changed the name of the proposed agency to, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.  Ã‚  

Forensic Science in the 21st Century Essay Example for Free

Forensic Science in the 21st Century Essay Science in the 21st Century Gertrude West Forensic Science and Psychological Profiling /CJA590 May 30, 2011 Edward Baker Forensic Science in the 21st Century Forensic science has various influences on crime, investigation and the people that are involved. Forensic science has a connection with the courts to ensure crimes are getting solved and justice is being served to those that commit crimes. With the help of forensic science, crimes are being solved from a human and technological aspect. This paper highlights numerous discussions on how forensic science plays a role in criminal justices system, security, media and the law. Forensic science is a separate entity from the police; although a large portion of the work is obtains through law enforcement. Forensic science is a recognizable component of policing during criminal investigation. The successful resolution from a crime scene involves preventing the site from being contaminated. This helps assures a great deal of gathering and interpreting evidence that could lead to an accurate interpretation of the event. The advances in technology are being applied to forensic science; a field in which technical is achieved by many factors such as including training, experience, continued education, and scientific methodology (NYSP, 2007). Forensic Science continues to develop in the 21st Century. It blends science and technology that has been useful for law enforcement to solve crimes and prosecute criminals. Forensic sciences in criminal investigations include but are not limited to: bioscience, trace evidence, toxicology, photography, documentation, forensic imagery, forensic ID and SAFIS, evidence receiving, drug chemistry and ballistics. In addition, private forensic laboratories, such as Applied Forensics, are contracted and employed to assist in the judicial process in the analysis of documents in question and handwriting analysis (Davis, 2006). One of the biggest things that criminal investigators and officers will look for at a crime scene is DNA. DNA can be gathered not just only through blood but through any type of fluids as well. According to Blackman (2011), â€Å"DNA analysis is one of the main tools used in forensic science to identify individuals. Crime laboratories undertaking DNA typing are typically concerned with comparing DNA evidence with known standards. The evidence is DNA samples collected from a crime scene and these are cross-matched against DNA swabs taken from anyone connected to that scene, be that victims, defendants or elimination ‘known’s’. The elimination known’s can come from the victims’ relatives, for example, or, if it’s a shared house, from tenants. The comparisons are made, not only to generate and compile evidence against suspects, but also to exclude people from the investigation. The development and applications of forensic scince suppors operation aimed at prevention, disruption, and prosecution of terrorism. The discipline helps support intelligence and investigation. Thiss component is now incorporated into homeland Security, A pattern of legal instances benefiting from this type of scientific study would be medical malpractice litigation, probate proceedings, complex and commercial legal action and contract lawsuits. According to Shelton (2010), â€Å"Forensic Science in Court explores the legal implications of forensic sciencean increasingly important and complex part of the justice system. Judge Donald Shelton provides an accessible overview of the legal issues, from the history of evidence in court, to gatekeeper judges determining what evidence can be allowed, to the CSI effect in juries. † The media has the potential of affecting the way people think. People disregard their perception based on scenarios presented. Popular media representation of forensic science and influential presence on the public’s opinion on justice-related issues, the effect that impeccable synchronicity of the investigator and successful outcomes portrayed in fictional arenas are contemporaneous with the public’s feelings. Dissatisfied with the criminal justice system not solving cases fast enough, the public then places astronomical expectations on medical examiners. Real life investigators believing that a lack of competency may be at play when in reality, society has been provided a distorted view of the lengthy, painstaking process involved. According to Nurse Advocacy (2007), â€Å"People disregard all messages in advertising, since ads commonly present actors and models, but that is simply not how the human mind works. Despite being fiction, media products like this can still influence: our views of the vehicle in question (as the advertiser fervently hopes); the ability of women today to become authoritative, powerful professionals, yet to still have a family (presumably this ad was directed mainly at women who would identify with the surgeon); the basic set-up of ORs, the kinds of professionals who participate, how they dress, and what tools they use; and of course, the relative power, knowledge and professional roles of physicians and nurses. Some of this may be unintended, but all of it sells the minivan to the target demographic. All of the elements above contribute to the high credibility of the surgeon, who is, after all, doing the selling. † In this manner media also increase the knowledge of those that are committing crimes, what they may not have been doing before they are doing it now. For example if they were not wearing gloves and using cell phones that cannot be trace, paying for things in cash instead of electronically, they are sure doing this now. Television crime shows gives potential jurors the expectation of more cateforical proof than that which forensic scine is capable of produciing. â€Å"The most obvious symptom of the CSI effect is that jurors think they have a thorough understanding of science they have seen presented on television, when they do not† (Economist, 2010 ). Scientist deals more with probability than certainty. The process of calculating the probability is complex. During a court preceding a finger print expert may acknowledge a 90% chance of obtaining a match if a defendant left a print. On the other hand it could be one in several billion chance of a match if someone other than the defendant left the mark. DNA in general provides evidence of a higher quality than other forms of proof; therefore, experts may be more confident to link results to a specific individual. The probabilities and not certainties still lie within the DNA findings. As a result, trials are longer and cases that previously might have offer quick convictions are now ending in acquittals. The CSI effect can also be positive. In one case in Virginia jurors asked the judge if a cigarette butt had been tested for possible DNA matches to the defendant in a murder trial. It had, but the defense lawyers had failed to introduce the DNA test results as evidence. When they did, those results exonerated the defendant, who was acquitted† (Economist, 2010 ). In the study of forensic science, there are so many things that people do not know. The intelligence of this subject is becoming more and more prominent. In this manner people are becoming more educated in a good way (knowledge) and also in a bad way (committing crimes with the less possibility of getting caught). This subject matter is very prominent because it also increasing the knowledge of different crimes that may have not been prominent before the use of technology to now. The creation computers were for those to store office files and important information, but now computers are being used in so many different aspect as far as pornography, the promotion of sex, and so many other things. Technology has not become a door way to so many things. This makes forensic science become more and more prominent in this day in age, because there are computers hackers trying to access files to find out what is Americas next move and sometimes just the simple things of stealing others identification. In this manner that forensic has a connection with the courts, it is very important that this type of connection stays going due to the drive that it connects to ensure crimes are getting solved and justice is being served to those that are committing these crimes.

The Horses :: Literary Analysis, Muir

Read the following poem by Edwin Muir from The Faber Book of Beasts (pp.119–20). Then write a short essay of no more than 600 words explaining what the poem is about and consider whether you think the poem is more traditional or dissenting. The first part of this essay will analyse the meaning of the poem called The Horses, written be Edwin Muir. Initially it would be useful to understand what is meant by traditional and dissenting. Traditional: of, relating, or being tradition,(E. Dictionary, 2006). Dissenting: to have a disagreement or withhold assent, (E. Dictionary, 2006). Muir, came from an isolated place and lived around two world wars, (b. May 15, 1887, Deerness, Orkney, Scot.—.d Jan. 3, 1959, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, Eng), (Encyclopedia, Britannica, 2010). It is a tempting thought that living on a lonely island and through two world wars, heavily influenced him for the poem. Edwin Muir's poem 'The Horses' tells the story of a devastating war on mankind, perhaps that of a nuclear war, that has left the world on the brink of extinction, 'Barely a twelve month after The seven days’ war that put the world to sleep,' (Assignment, Book, 2008). Muir's poem could be seen to parallel Genesis(Old Testament),(Encyclopedia, Britannica, 2010). A good example of religious connotation of words, the seven days war, covenant, Eden and servitude, in the beginning and our father,' (Assignment, Book, 2008). When, Muir uses the word 'piled' in the sentence 'Dead bodies piled on the deck,' (Assignment, Book, 2008), One has the sensation that the poet wants to show the reader of the depth of disregard for the dead in the poem. It also clearly emphasises the chaos and destruction that the war has brought upon man and that there was no time for the simplest of burials. Muir, in being rhetorical, is showing that the survivors' need for a simpler life a purer life away from the existence of a technology driven society that caused the seven days war. The poem shows a strong sense of irony with, 'Our life is changed; their coming our beginning.' (Assignment Book, 2008). Muir, has used alliteration and this can be seen in the repeated f in, 'far past our fathers' land,' reinforces how much man has changed and returned to a past way of life and possibly a rhyme for forefathers when reduced to 'far...fathers,' (Assignment, Book, 2008).

DNA Fingerprinting

DNA contains genetic material and information that makes up each individual trait. Every person can be identified by providing his or her genetic information based on a particular DNA strand. DNA information is an effective way of identifying persons if it is used properly. It is used to identify humans in different situations such as crime scenes, accident scenes, paternity testing, soldier remain identification, inheritance claims, missing person investigations, and convicted felon databases. Although there are different ways to identify DNA, the most common method is DNA fingerprinting. The process that was used in the lab experiment was gel electrophoresis.Before DNA fingerprinting, a different method called Blood typing was used. This method was used to identify people by taking a sample of dried blood. But this method had some disadvantages; for example, many people who receive blood by transfusionundergo changes in their blood characteristics,making difficult the blood typing; also, blood typing required an amount of body fluid that sometimes was not enough or that other times was deteriorated, making it impossible to do the blood typing. So, because of these disadvantages, DNA fingerprinting began to be used as a forensic tool.Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFPL’s) is a restriction enzyme that recognizes a specific strand of the nucleotides in DNA. This strand is different in every individual; the restriction enzymes cut the part of the DNA strand that is different, and it is used in gel electrophoresis to identify a person. For example, in crime scene investigations the DNA sample that is found is compared with the sample of suspects bythe gel electrophoresis procedure in order todetermine if the suspect committed a crime.When doing the gel electrophoresis process,different DNA strands are set in the lanes of the gel, and they are run by an electrochemical gradient from negative to positive to separate these strands. When the strands separate, they group themselves in bands. The shortest bands travel at higher speed; therefore, they are found at the end of the gel. This experiment gives the possibility to identify which bands are the same to the  one that was found in the scene, allowingreaching the objective, which is to uncover who is responsible at the crime scene.MATERIALSRestriction enzyme Colored micro-tubes contain DNA samples DNA loading dye Agarose gel Pipet Tips Electrophoresis apparatus TAE Buffer Centrifuge 120 ml of 100X blue stain. Tray 40 to 50 Celsius of tap water. IceMETHODS1. In the lab experiment DNA samples were provided in colored micro-tubes that were incubated in ice.2. 5 ulof DNA loading dye were placed in each sample tube and each tube was flipped gently with afinger. 3. A centrifuge was used to mix the DNA sample with the loading dye. 4. Theagarose gel was placed with thetop of the gel to the negative side in electrophoresis apparatus, and the electrophoresis box was filled with TAE buffer until it had completely covered the gel. 5. A pipet was used with different tips, and DNA samples were loaded into different lanes of the gel in the following order: Lane 2: DNA sizes marker 10ulLane 3: Suspect one, 20 ul Lane 4: Suspect two, 20 ul Lane 5: Suspect three, 20 ul Lane 6: Suspect four, 20 ul Lane 7: Suspect five, 20 ul6. The lid was placed in the electrophoresis chamber and plugged into the power supply. The power supply was turned on and the samples were electrophoresed at 100V for 30 minutes. 7. After that, the gel was removed carefully from the gel box and placed in a tray. 8. 120 ml of 100X fast blast of DNA stain was added. The gel was stained for two minutes with gentle movement. 9. The gel was transferred into a large tray and the gel was rinsed with warm tap water twice, with gentle shaking.The gel was leftto dry for 24 hours.Loadind dye was Centrifuge wasused Gel was placed DNA samples were placed in each to mix DNA and electrophoresis loaded in the gel micro-tube samplesloading dyeapparatusElectrophoresis Gel was placed in aGel was transferred Gel was rinse until chamberwas connected tray filled with to a clean tray the excess of stain to the power supply stain with warn tap water was removedRESULTSGel ElectrophoresisMolecular marker Crime Scene Suspect 1 Suspect 2 Suspect 3 Suspect 4 Suspect 5 Band Distance (mm) Actual size (bp) Distance (mm) Approx Size (bp) Distance (mm) Approx. Size (bp Distance (mm) Approx. Size (bp) Distance (mm) Approx. Size (bp) Distance (mm) Approx Size (bp) Distance (mm) Approx Size (bp 1 4 23,000 10 5,700 12 5,000 12 5,000 10 5,700 12 5,000 12 5,000 2 7 9,400 12 5,000 17 2,500 15 4,400 12 5,000 18 2,300 14 4,600 3 9 6,500 19 2,250 18 2,300 17 2,500 19 2,250 22 2,200 19 2,250 4 15 4,4005 18 2,3006 22 2,000DNA Bands Data TableBased on the results of the gel electrophoresis, suspect number three’s DNA sample matches with the crime scene sample, not only because they look the same, but also because o f the distance that strands travel along the gel, and the base pairs that they contain. The DNA bands of the crime scene sample were found at 10, 12, and 19 mm, instead of the bands of suspect numbers one, two, four, and five,which were found at different distances than the crime scene sample. Only the bands that correspond to suspect number three were found with similar distances to the crime scene one. Finally, the base pairs of the DNA bands of suspect number three and of the one found in the crime scene were 5,700 bp for the first set of DNA bands, 5,000bp for the second set, and 2,250 bpfor the third set. All of these results indicate that suspect number three was responsible for the crime committed in the crime scene.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONSIn conclusion, DNA fingerprinting and electrophoresis were used to determine the size of the unique strand cut by restriction enzymes that identifies the individual who was responsible in the crime scene. This lab taught how to conduct an electrophoresis experiment, and how importantthe use of this method is to solve a problem that is common in society. In this process different DNA samples were provided, and after doing the electrophoresis experiment, it was found that the suspect committed the crime. DNA profiling, whichwascalled at first DNA fingerprinting, is used for other purposes, as was mentioned earlier. One of those is paternity  testing.At this time, this method has become less difficult than what people may believe. Some laboratories provide this service, sending to their clients a kitwith everything that is needed to collect a sample of DNA.This sample, which could be a small portion of cheek tissue taken with a swab and put in a labeled envelope, is returned to the lab to be analyzed. Sometimes when this type of test is required for legal reasons, the sample to be evaluatedis taken under supervisionin order to avoid any intentional errors. DNA fingerprinting and profiling have become common processes , but also these have become very important because they help to get accurate results by using genetic information in order to solve different situations such as a crime or paternity identification.

Human Nature Animal Nature - 2452 Words

The Oxford Dictionary defines human nature as, â€Å"The general psychological characteristics, feelings, and behavioral traits of humankind, regarded as shared by all humans† (Human Nature). Throughout various great literary works, human nature is portrayed in many positive and negative ways. As humans, we have evolved to rely on one another; no man is an island, and one’s actions affect society around him/her in one way or another. Human nature is seen today as either altruistic or egotistical, depending on the individual’s perspective. However, there is no way of determining whether the natural tendency of humans is to do good or to do bad. Even with all of the progress made throughout the evolution of humankind, our understanding of human nature as a whole has remained unchanged in its definition. Each individual has his or her own morals and beliefs, which together make up his or her own human nature. Each human has his or her own, unique natural tendencies and morals. 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