What Is Cabinet Solidarity in Canadian Government

In Canada, the Cabinet (or Ministry) consists of the prime minister and various ministers who oversee different federal government departments. This Cabinet operates under the principle of solidarity, meaning that the ministers may disagree and state their personal opinions during private meetings, but must present a unified front on all decisions to the public. Thus, the ministers must publicly support the decisions made by the prime minister and the Cabinet as a whole. Collectively, the ministers will be held accountable for these decisions, even if they do not personally agree with them. The Canadian governments Open and Accountable Government guide provides Cabinet ministers with their roles and responsibilities. With respect to solidarity, it states: Confidences of the Queen’s Privy Council for Canada, more commonly referred to as Cabinet confidences, must be appropriately safeguarded from unauthorized disclosure or other compromises. The Cabinet’s collective decision-making process has traditionally been protected by the rule of confidentiality, which enhances Cabinet solidarity and collective ministerial responsibility. Confidentiality ensures that Ministers can frankly express their views before a final decision is made. The  Prime Minister expects Ministers to announce policies only after Cabinet decisions are taken, in consultation with the  Prime Minister’s Office and the Privy Council Office. How the Canadian Cabinet Reaches Agreement The prime minister oversees decision-making in the Cabinet by organizing and leading Cabinet and committee meetings.  The Cabinet works through a process of compromise and consensus building, which leads to a Cabinet decision. The Cabinet and its committees do not vote on issues before them. Instead, the prime minister (or committee chairperson) â€Å"calls† for the consensus after the ministers have stated their views on the matter under consideration.   Can a Canadian Minister Disagree With the Government? Cabinet solidarity means that all members of the Cabinet must support Cabinet decisions. In private, the ministers may voice their opinions and concerns. However, in public, the Cabinet ministers cannot disassociate themselves from or repudiate the decisions of their Cabinet colleagues unless they resign from the Cabinet. Additionally, Cabinet ministers must present their opinions during decision-making, but after the Cabinet makes a decision, the ministers must maintain confidentiality about the process. Canadian Ministers May Be Accountable for Decisions They Don't Agree With Canadian ministers are held jointly accountable for all decisions of the Cabinet, so they may have to answer for decisions they were personally against. Additionally, the ministers are individually responsible and accountable to Parliament for all acts by their respective departments. This principle of ministerial accountability means that each minister has ultimate responsibility  for the proper functioning of his or her department and all other organizations within his or her portfolio. In a situation where a ministers department has acted inappropriately,  the prime minister may choose to reaffirm support for that minister or to ask for his or her resignation.

The Future Of Australia s Renewable Energy Industry...

The path to renewables in Australia in recent times has been met with a somewhat contentious debate. In a time where â€Å"No challenge poses a greater threat to our future than a changing climate.†(Barack Obama, August 3, 2015) the plight of Renewables is of more importance than ever in our history as a pillar on to which our highly carbon emitting society must rest, if we ever seek to reduce the impact on our climate both government and individuals must seek out and adhere to serious carbon abatement strategies. The idea of previous successful government involvement in the renewable energy industry through regulation and initiatives may elude the everyday modern Australian, marred with controversial schemes, which in hind sight were rolled out to fast without sufficient regulations has seen relatively recent schemes reduced or even thrown out. However, it is best to remind ourselves that some of Australia’s rite of passage as a nation were through Renewable energy projects. Examples of this such as the Snowy Hydro Scheme which at the time was named as one of the civil engineering wonders of the modern world and the White Cliff Solar Power Station which can be seen as a world first solar energy provider. This report will focus on the 2010 -12 Renewable Energy Bonus Scheme (REBS) - Solar Hot water rebate and associated regulations and policy, however it is important to realise Government funding in Solar Thermal technology has not been new to Australia and looking at theShow MoreRelatedChevron Case Study3960 Words   |  16 PagesBy 1988 Chevron was one of the largest gas producers in the United States. In 2001, Chevron expanded again by acquiring Texaco for $37.5 billion. Today Chevron is the second largest integrated energy company in the U.S. and among the largest in the world. Mission Statement Analysis â€Å"Our Company s foundation is built on our Values, which distinguish us and guide our actions. 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SWOT ANALYSIS 29 3.1 ANALYSIS OF STRENGTHS, WEAKNESSES, OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS 29 Strengths 29 Weaknesses 30 Read MoreOnesteel4542 Words   |  19 PagesIntroduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦..†¦3 1.1 Report Overview†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦...†¦3 1.2 Organisation Overview†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 2. External Environmental Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦4 2.1 Analysis of Macro Environment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4-5 2.2 Analysis of Industry Environment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5-6 2.2.1 Threat of New Entrants†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.†¦6 2.2.2 The Bargaining Power of Buyers†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦.†¦6 2.2.3 The Bargaining Power of Suppliers†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦...6 2.2.4 The Threat of Substitutes†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreThe Indian Solar Pv Market10243 Words   |  41 Pagespart of domestic banks. 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But it is not a renewable energy resource. Coal is the most important and abundant fossil fuel in India and accounts for approximately 55% of India s total energy need. India s industrial

Report On Les Miserables By Victor Hugo free essay sample

Essay, Research Paper I found the book Les Miserables, written by Victor Hugo, to be an all around gratifying narrative. The manner Hugo arranged and worded his sentences were really clever. Because of these sentences, during the slow or deadening parts, I remained interested. However, many parts of the book I found to be confounding. Hugo did non look to give much information or background about why the characters did what they did. One of the most enigmatic parts in Les Miserables was Javert # 8217 ; s stubborness to capture Jean Valjean and put him back in prison. I did non understand why they insisted on incarcerating Jean Valjean even though he was non a menace and had done nil incorrect after he had already served his clip for stealing. As a affair of fact, I believe he was turned into a good adult male. He deserved to be thanked. He did many good workss and helped many people. We will write a custom essay sample on Report On Les Miserables By Victor Hugo or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I did non understand why he deserved to travel back to gaol. Another confounding portion of the narrative was Javert # 8217 ; s decease. I did non understand why he decided to kill himself. I thought that the ground he allowed Jean Valjean to be free was because Valjean did non kill him. I thought that Javert should be proud to be such a good individual, returning a favour. I merely did non understand why he was disquieted plenty to take his ain life. The lone other portion of the book I did non happen amusing was when Hugo began depicting Marius and his life. THe sudden alteration made the narrative seem slow and deadening, as if it were get downing all over once more. It was besides confounding because I did non understand why this information was being put into the narrative until Hugo brought Jean Valjean and Cosette back into the narrative. Despite these slow and confusing parts, the book was highly amusive and entertaining. I exhaustively enjoyed the small spots of wisdom pointed out. For illustration # 8220 ; SHe would hold softened a bosom of granite ; but you can non soften a bosom of wood. # 8221 ; I found this comment to be true. Some people can non be changed. Another quotation mark I liked was # 8220 ; THere are inherent aptitudes for all the crises of life. # 8221 ; No peculiar ground, it merely caught my attending during the narrative. It added emotion to what I was reading. Over all, this was a great book. THe narrative was original and made many turns and bends in the secret plan. THis made it unpredictable and exciting, particularly the terminal. There is much sarcasm in the narrative every bit good. The fact that the whole secret plan was based on the stubborness of Javert seeking to acquire Valjean into prison, the he lets him travel at the terminal, it was really intersting and unforeseen. That is what I admire best about Les Miserables, the sarcasm and excitment.

Change in Workplace Agricultural and Applied Economics

Question: Share a story about a change that you experienced. What specifically was the target of change? How did the change unfold? When it was over, did you notice things had indeed changed, or did things return to what they were before the change? (Even if you have no current work experience to draw from, think about a change you were involved in as a member of a community group or a volunteer group.) Answer: Since my employment with a retail company, I had once experienced a structural change throughout the organization. I believe such change is influenced by the effects of both internal and external factors. For coping up with the diverse requirements of the highly advanced technologic environment, the particular change is identified by the management (Han Goetz, 2015). The identified changes were exercised in the core business functions, as the way of interacting with the customers was highly modified as part of the process. The major implication of the identified change has ensured establishment of the online presence of the company. As a result, online marketing approaches were adopted instead of the traditional marketing strategies (Miranda et al., 2013). The consequence of the overall change process has contributed the business to gain more revenues while elevating the profitability of the organization comprehensively. References Han, Y., Goetz, S. J. (2015). Workplace-anchored migration in US counties. In2015 AAEA WAEA Joint Annual Meeting, July 26-28, San Francisco, California(No. 204952). Agricultural and Applied Economics Association Western Agricultural Economics Association. Miranda, S. L., Vicente, . G., Antunes, A. C., Rodrigues, B. S., DOliveira, T. (2013). Workplace aggression in organizational changing processes: The mediation role of leader political (soft and hard) behavior. In15th IAMB Conference. IAMB/ISEG.

Piezoelectric Nano

Introduction Piezoelectric nano-biosensors are designed to operate in the nano-dimensions. They are mainly used to conduct an analysis of various biomaterial samples with the chief objective of understanding bio-compositions, functionalities, and even their structures (Atta 2011).Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Piezoelectric Nano-biosensor Importance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although different modes of operations are deployed by different biosensors, their central principle of operation is based on the interactions of physical and or chemical detectors and the biological components. Through this interaction, it becomes possible to detect and analyse analytes (Joshi Bhansali 2008). A biological recognition element that incorporates a nano-material or nano-scale phenomena having the capability to convert the cognized event through transduction process into an appropriate signal in chemical of physica l format is the building block of piezoelectric nano-biosensors. In these sense, piezoelectric nano-biosensors form the bridge between the biological spectrum and the chemical and or physical spectrums (Khana 2012). Some of the detection principles of operation of nano-biosensors include optical, mechanical, chemical, and piezoelectric detection ideologies. The focus of this paper is on the piezoelectric bio-sensing detection principle. The science behind piezoelectric nano-biosensors Piezoelectric transducers are deployed in the signal detection process to change mechanical force that is exacted by masses placed on a crystal onto some electrical signal, which while amplified is used to proportionately measure the mass of an object placed on the piezoelectric material. When a mass is placed on top of piezoelectric material, the material resonates with a frequency proportional to the mass placed on it. A voltage proportionate to the size of the mass is generated (Dey Goswami 2011).A dvertising Looking for case study on natural sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the nano-dimensions, piezoelectric materials or nano-biosensors deploying the piezzo electric principle of operation possess immobilised elements of sensing on some piezoelectric crystals. A good example of material that can be deployed to function as a piezoelectric transducer is â€Å"functionalised quartz crystal with dehydrogenate to detect formaldehyde† (Pohanka et al. 2007: 2826). However, it is perhaps also crucial to note that, when voltage is applied across a piezoelectric material, the material deforms proportionately to the amount of voltage applied. An immense theoretical study on the operation principle of the piezoelectric material has been developed. Whether at nano level or even in the kilo level, the basic principle of operation remains the same. Sauerbrey (Ho 1999), Stockridge (Hahn 1988) and Lostis (Muramatsu et al. 1987) deployed different approaches to develop equations that describe the relationship between the frequency of resonance for an oscillating crystal of a piezoelectric material and a mass placed on the surface of the crystal. Although the three scholars’ equations are similar, Sauerbrey’s equation has received a universal acceptance (Ho 1999). Sauerbrey’s equation relates to an AT-cut quartz crystal â€Å"vibrating in the thickness shear mode that describes the relationship between mass of thin films deposited on the quartz crystal and the corresponding change in resonant frequency of the crystal† (Hussain et al. 1997: 505).Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Piezoelectric Nano-biosensor Importance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The change in frequency for an oscillating quartz crystal in Hz is given by the equation: Source: (Hussain et al. 1997: 505) In the equation, denot es the change in mass that produces a corresponding variation in frequency Advertising Looking for case study on natural sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More . A is the electrode surface area measured in cm2. The described relationship by Sauerbrey is not only applicable to film depositions but equally applicable to deposition of particulate matter (Hussain et al. 1997: 505). In the thickness-shear mode of vibration, the overall frequency of oscillation of AT-cut quartz crystal is described by the equation: F defines the crystal frequency, N is a constant of the material used to make the piezoelectric sensor, and ‘a’ defines the thickness of the material used to make the crystal. For a quartz crystal, which is the most typical material deployed to make piezoelectric transducers, N is given by 1.66 MHz-mm. The thickness of a crystal can be defined by the equation: Where M stands for the electrically driven portion of the mass of the crystal, A the eclectically driven crystal area, and Rho (⠍ ´) defines the crystal’s density. Since the crystal of quartz is in solid state, its density is constant. Consequently, for an infinite change in mass M, the corresponding change in frequency registered by the piezoelectric transducer is given by: Source: (Hussain et al. 1997: 505) However, in the practical application of piezoelectric transducer, F and M are constants so that is given by where K is the constant defined by This equation shows that the change in frequency produced by a piezoelectric biosensors inserted in an analyte is proportionate to the change in mass. This principle can be applied in the construction of piezoelectric biosensor used in treatment of tuberculosis process as described later in the paper. Example of a nano-biosensor, which utilises piezoelectric detection principle A good example of biosensor that utilises piezoelectric principle is the micro membrane biosensors. The sensor makes use of thin films of crystal falling in the range of 10 to 30nm (Woolley, 2000). When placed near cells, they are able to detect the masses of the cells and hence their presence. The detection process is realised via measurements of natural frequencies of the vibrating crystals. The frequency is a function of the mass placed on the piezoelectric sensing element. Applying such sensors in the immunology demands that the masses of cell belonging to infectious organizations are known so that the frequency registered can be used to identify the type of pathogen in the body of a host. In some situations, during infections, the pathogen cell interacts with body defence mechanism cells, which comprise the antibodies through the engulfing process. When such a process occurs, rapid changes in the frequencies of the piezoelectric nano-sensor occur so that, even if the immunologist may not be fully cognizant about the specific type of infection a patient is suffering from, he or she can be able to detect anomalies in the patient’s body. When micro-membrane biosensors are used this way, they form an essential component of pre-diagnosis process. Difference of nano biosensors an d conventional non-nano methods: advantages and disadvantages Interaction of antibodies with antigens provides a wonderful opportunity for development of chemical binding based biosensor. In theoretical terms, in case it is possible to raise an antibody against a specific analyte, it becomes possible to develop an immune-sensor to recognise it, for which piezoelectric sensor is one of the imuno-sensors. It is also important to note, â€Å"Despite high specificity and affinity of antibodies towards complementary ligand molecules, most antibody-antigen interactions do not cause an electronically measurable change† (Kumar 2008: 198). This forms a major challenge of application of nano biosensors in the detection of changes in the analyte masses for possible detection of pathogens, for instance, those causing TB. Nonetheless, this argument does not mean that it is impossible to develop a piezoelectric biosensor such as the one described in the subsequent sections of the paper. Pi ezoelectric biosensors can be produced from a myriad of crystalline substances. Such substances have incredible properties, which facilitates precise detection of analytes for presence of antigen-antibody reactions. Indeed, a piezoelectric â€Å"immune-sensor is thought to be one of the most sensitive analytical instruments developed to date, being capable of detecting antigens in the pictogram range† (Kumar 2000: 198). Opposed to traditional sensors, the piezoelectric biosensors can detect the antigens while in both liquid and gaseous phases. When the developed device is applied in detection of changes in mass of amalgamations formed due to reaction between the antigens and antibodies because of infection of tuberculosis bacterium, principle advantages are gained while the functionality of the device is compared with the traditional approaches in tuberculosis detection procedures and processes. In fact, the traditional approaches to diagnosis of tuberculosis have repetitive drawbacks. Generally, they are time consuming. In some instances, they are non-specific. Kumar (2000) exemplifies this argument by asserting, â€Å"In most cases of pulmonary and extra-pulmonary TB, diagnosis depends upon culturing the micro-bacterial organism, a process requiring 4-8 weeks† (199). Consequently, in the attempt to counter this challenges, magnificent attention has been directed towards development of mechanisms of diagnosis of TB, which are rapid and time cautious by various researchers. Some of the developed strategies fail to have high sensitivity and specificity for the required appropriate diagnosis (Kumar 2000). It is for this reason that the proposed piezoelectric biosensor is both appropriate and significant in driving new approaches for tuberculosis detection or diagnosis. The science and principles of operation of traditional biosensors do not constitute an adequate basis for advocating their utilisation in practice. Issues such as economic factors in relation to their manufacturing coupled with their functionalities are also critical. The main question is, ‘how effective are the traditional biosensors in realisation of the purposes they are designed to accomplish?’ The rapid explosions of technology and science experienced over the last three decades pose challenges to the applicability of the traditional biosensors in the era of scientific and technological evolution. Such challenges manifest themselves in terms of improvement of the accuracy and preciseness of the transducers, multiplexing (the capacity for detection of biomarkers in a simultaneous manner), reduction of costs associated with manufacturing, and operation of the gadgets (Prakash et al 2012: Bhushan 2012). It is through the need to resolve some of these challenges of the traditional biosensors that the nano-biosensors have been developed. A particular concern for embracement of the proposed piezoelectric nano-biosensors in the diagnosis of TB is art iculated to the need to increase the specificity and sensitivity of the traditional biosensors in the quest to facilitate early detection of the associated signals to be measured. A major advantage of using the nano-biosensors in opposition to the traditional biosensors is that, while traditional biosensors utilise â€Å"any specific substance â€Å"as the analyte, the nano-biosensor uses â€Å"any substances with the potential to detect a single molecule or fragment of DNA† (Adam Kizek 2008, p.6129). This argument means that the detection is narrowed to molecular level. Nano-bio-sensing is achieved in the same manner under various approaches. These approaches include the use of antigen-antibody interactions, cell based, and enzymes catalysis and through nucleic acid recognition. Nonetheless, nano-bio-sensing extends this approach to include ELISA and nanonfluidic technology and techniques. Mass-production of the sensor, details of the fabrication method and cost-effective ness Mass production In the mass production of products, reproducibility is an important factor. In mass production of piezoelectric nano-biosensors, reproducibility is a major hindrance. The sensitivity and precision of piezoelectric biosensor are directly proportional to the dimensional accuracy including the shape of the crystal cut. The obstacles coupled with other obstacles such as â€Å"presence of biomaterial in the biosensor (immobilisation of bimolecules on transducers, stability of enzymes and antibodies), the development of the sensor device (sensitivity and reproducibility issues) and the integration of biosensors into complete systems† (Velasco-Garcia Mottram 2003: 5) impair the mass production of the piezoelectric biosensor. However, with new advents of production technologies such as rapid prototyping and computer aided precision machining, it is possible to mass-produce the device’s components. Details of the fabrication In this section, a practical pi ezoelectric biosensor is described. Since a nano-piezoelectric biosensor would require highly precise machining process and intricate fabrication techniques, which are not realisable in the context of this paper, the discussed example of piezoelectric biosensor does not fall in the nano range. The block diagram (Fig 1) below illustrates the schematically the components of the nano-biosensor showing how they are related with one another. Fig 1: Block diagram for the piezoelectric sensor Source: (Pohanka et al. 2007) The piezoelectric sensor is composed of three main components. These are gold electrode, quartz crystal, and the base plate. Quartz crystal used is made of alpha quartz since such a crystal is not soluble in water. It is also resistant to high temperatures (Pohanka et al. 2007). Indeed, alpha quartz crystal has the capacity to withstand temperature up to 579 degree centigrade without losing prosperities of piezoelectric. The resonance frequency of the quartz crystal is a function of the physical dimensions and measurements of the cut crystal. AT-cut crystal is the most preferred for the discussed piezoelectric biosensor since it has been proved through scholarly researches that it is the most stable. Its temperature coefficient is 1ppm per degree centigrade within a temperature range of 10 degrees centigrade to 50 degree centigrade. This property is important since the temperature under which the piezoelectric sensor proposed here will operate (under environmental standard temperature) is in this temperature range. The crystal can also be modified to take a number of forms including rectangles, discs, and squares. The figure below shows schematically the details of the fabrication of the sensor as discussed by Kumar (2000). Source: (Kumar 2000) In the process of imuno-sensing, a protein extracted from Staphylococcus aureus is used to modify the surface of the coating of the device to increase the adhesion properties of the antibodies. The form of Staphylococcus protein used is capable to bind on the molecules of the imunoglobin particularly the IgG antibodies. When immersed in a tube containing antigens, it is anticipated that antigen-antibody reaction will occur thus causing a change in the mass on the crystal. From the developed theory of operation of the device, a corresponding frequency change occurs. The frequency counter will record this change in frequency as a change (ââ€" ³F). Since antibody-antigen reaction is anticipated to occur in magnitudes corresponding to the concentration levels of antigens, the higher the frequency changes, the higher the concentration of antigens. Consequently, it is more likely for the patients from whom the antigens have been obtained to suffer from advanced TB. Cost effectiveness One of the central challenges on the commercial production of nano-sensors is associated with the cost of production of micro components of the sensors with high degrees of precision. Although, over the last t wo decades, these costs have been significantly high, the developments in the nanotechnology has made is possible to produce components for biosensors at significantly low costs (Joshi, Sharma Harsha, 2011). The rapid developments in production process such as rapid prototyping make it possible for the sensor to be produced in a cost effective manner. Conclusion Piezo nano-biosensors encompass the nano-scale sensing devices deployed to detect a myriad of analytes including microorganisms, proteins, nucleic acids, metal, and metabolites among others. In the production of these sensors, nanotechnology is playing pivotal role. In this context, the paper argues that nanotechnology has resulted in the revolution of the immunology technology in the extent that it is now possible to apply biosensors to detect presence of pathogens at the molecular level. This provides a possibility for early treatment. By fully appreciating that there are many detection principles that can be applied in t he development of nano-biosensors, the paper limited itself to the piezoelectric principle of detection. A possible piezoelectric sensor has been discussed in the paper alongside with its fabrications and operation principles. The paper argued that deploying antigens-antibody mechanism of detection of increases in masses resulting from antibody- antigens reactions due to the presence of Staphylococcus aureus. The sensor can aid in the early diagnosis of tuberculosis than it would ordinarily happen by the use of convectional nano-biosensors. Bibliography Adam, V R Kizek, ‘Utilization of Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology’, Sensors, vol. 8, no. 10, 2008, pp.6125–6131. Atta, N, A Galal, S Ali, Nanobiosensors for health care, Biosensors for Health, Environment and Biosecurity, 2011. Web. Bhushan, B, ‘Biosensors: surface structures and materials’, Philosophical transactions, Mathematical, physical, and engineeri ng sciences, vol. 370, no.1967, 2012, pp.2267–2268. Dey, D T Goswami, ‘Optical Biosensors: A Revolution towards Quantum Nanoscale Electronics Device Fabrication’, Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, vol.12, no. 5, 2011, pp 356-361. Hahn, C Piezoelectric Crystal Detectors and Their Applications, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, 1998. Ho, M, Applications of Piezoelectric Quartz Crystal Microbalances, Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1999. Hussain, I et al. ‘Fabrication of Piezoelectric Sensors for Biomedical Applications’, MRS Symp. Proc. Materials for Smart System, vol. 459, no.31, 1997, pp. 501-506. Joshi, Y, C Sharma, P Harsha, ‘Zeptrogram scale mass sensing using single walled carbon nanotube based biosensors’, Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, vol. 168, no,11, 2011, pp. 275-280. Joshi, R S Bhansali, ‘Nanosensor Technology’, Journal of Nanomaterials, vol. 1, no. 1, 2008, pp. 1-10. Khana, V, Nanosensors: Physical Chemi cal and Biological, Florida: CRC Press. Kumar, K 2000, ‘Biosensors Based on Piezoelectric Crystal Detectors: Theory and Application’, JOM, vol. 52, no.10, 2012, pp. 198-207. Muramatsu, H et al. ‘Piezoelectric Crystal Biosensor Modified with Protein A for Determination of Immunoglobulins’, Analytical Chemistry, vol. 59, no.19, 1987, pp. 2760-2763. Pohanka, M et al. ‘Piezoelectric Biosensor for a Simple Serological Diagnosis of Tularemia in Infected European Brown Hares’, Sensors, vol.7, no.11, 2007, pp. 2825–2834. Prakash, S, M Pinti, B Bhushan, ‘Theory, fabrication and applications of microfluidic and nanofluidic biosensors’, Philosophical transactions, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences, vol. 370, no.196, 2012, pp. 2269–2303. Velasco-Garcia, M T Mottram, ‘Biosensor Technology addressing Agricultural Problems’, Biosystems Engineering, vol. 84, no.1, 2003, pp. 1–12. Woolley, T, L Che ung, H Hafner, M Lieber, ‘Structural biology with carbon nanotube AFM probes’, Chemistry and Biology, vol. 7 no. 3, 2000, pp. 192-204. This case study on Piezoelectric Nano-biosensor Importance was written and submitted by user Allison H. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Paper Doll Scene Essays

Paper Doll Scene Essays Paper Doll Scene Essay Paper Doll Scene Essay The song that Rodolfo sings, Paper Doll, plays a key role in this scene and also in the rest of the play. On an obvious level, it draws, attention to Rodolfo, particularly, how feminine he is, which becomes a lot more significant later in the play. The lyrics of the song are also important as they reflect what is actually happening in the play, in particular the line, its tough to love a doll thats not your own. Miller could have meant this to mean that Eddie is trying to love Catherine but she belongs to Rodolfo now and also that she was never really his since she is his niece not his daughter. The singing is also significant as it is the first of many things that cause Eddie to hate Rodolfo. Eddie despises the fact that Rodolfo is flirting with Catherine, especially since Rodolfo isnt masculine at all, has a high voice and likes to sing. The final stage direction, his [Eddies] face was puffed with trouble, after watching Rodolfo and Catherine flirting, shows his feelings for them being romantically together, and the use of puffed provokes physical imagery in the readers mind. By telling Catherine to change her shoes, he exerts his power over her, demonstrating to Rodolfo that she belongs to him. Eddie phrases the command more like a request, although he doesnt leave her much choice on the matter. Also, by saying do me a favour, will you? he makes it much more personal and makes it impossible for Catherine to refuse especially since they have company. Furthermore, the vocative Garbo that Eddie uses to address Catherine with, is almost mocking, making her seem like a child who wants to be a film star. This is further reinforced by Eddies next comment, all actresses they want to be around here, which is also trying to demoralise Catherine. However Rodolfo turns this comment around to compliment Catherine, saying, especially when they are so beautiful, which further increases Eddies disdain for him. While Eddie claims he stops Rodolfo singing in case someone hears him, this seems very unlikely and Eddie could have stopped the singing purely out of contempt for Rodolfo or maybe he realised that the song was about him and couldnt stand to listen to it anymore. However Catherine is completely under Rodolfos spell after the song and doesnt want him to stop, without realising the effect it is having on Eddie. By stopping Rodolfo singing, Eddie changes the entire tone of the scene, the casual family gathering becomes much more tense as Marco is anxious about getting picked up.  This scene marks a change in the relationships between Eddie, Catherine and Rodolfo. Eddies hate for Rodolfo increases as Rodolfos love for Catherine also increases. This in turn causes Eddie and Catherine to start drifting apart.

Training and development in HRM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Training and development in HRM - Essay Example I also expound on the importance of cohesion and conflict resolution mechanisms through leadership, decision making and problem solving. The latter is mainly focused on effective implementation of organizational change with a counter to change resistance from the employees. The selection of effective group members could not go better than the selection of friends to enjoin in a group. As a matter of fact, it is much easier for friends to relate, discuss and/or share ideas as compared to a group consisting of strangers. However, my personal view is that it is much easier for a group of strangers to work efficiently and relate well, with a much easier management or supervision as compared to a group consisting of friends. As I came to learn that, during the period I was part of the ‘The importance of training and development in human resource management’ group, commitment is core for effective human resource coordination and management. On the other hand, it is easier for strange members of a group to relate and experience more since they have much diversity to share and experience. According to research, it is highly probable to get commitment and contribution from members of a group whose members have never priory interacted or worked together. However, challenges are inevitable in group and organizational human resource management. Some of the main challenges I experienced while working in the ‘importance of training and development in human resource management’ group include.